Kuiper Prize Lecture - Escape of atmospheres, ancient and modern

Physics

Scientific paper

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Atmospheric Physics, Gas Dynamics, Jeans Theory, Planetary Atmospheres, Atmospheric Composition, Escape Velocity, Io, Kinetic Theory, Venus (Planet), Planets, Atmosphere, Escape, Gases, Review, Venus, Flux, Diagrams, Spacecraft Observations, Troposphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Earth, Thermosphere, Helium, Hydrogen, Hydrodynamics, Energy, Fractionation, Theoretical Studies, Jupiter, Satellites, Io, History, Coronas

Scientific paper

A development history is presented for theories concerning planetary atmosphere gas-escape phenomena, which although firmly grounded in the kinetics of gases achieved truly productive results only after spacecraft remote sensing data for both the earth atmosphere and the planets became widely available. The most significant initial advances, encompassing diffusion-limited flow, nonthermal escape mechanisms, bound nonthermal coronas, and mass fractionation during early blowoff, followed from sounding rocket studies of the earth upper atmosphere, Mariner 5 results on hydrogen near Venus, and the nitrogen isotopic composition discovered by Viking in Mars. Attention has more recently been given to the xenon isotopic patterns in various atmospheres, as well as to the puzzling behavior of the Io atmosphere and plasma torus.

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