Systematic errors in VLF direction-finding of whistler ducts. I

Physics

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Error Analysis, Ionospheric Propagation, Radio Direction Finders, Very Low Frequencies, Wave Propagation, Whistlers, Azimuth, Bearing (Direction), Goniometers, Multipath Transmission, Whistler Recorders

Scientific paper

Systematic errors in the determination of the azimuthal bearings of whistler ducts by current VLF direction finders are evaluated. A simple propagation model is presented for determining the relative field strengths of multiply reflected waves incident at a VLF receiver from an ionospheric source. It is used in the calculation of the multipath error and polarization error (where applicable) in the 4-parameter A and B methods of Cousins (1972), the crossed-loop goniometer (Bullough and Sagredo, 1973), the NPE (no polarization error) method of Okada et al. (1977) and the frequency-tracking direction finder of Leavitt et al. (1978). The multipath error is always found to vary significantly with frequency, and tends to be cancelled by polarization errors, resulting in a combined error generally smaller than that of either error source alone.

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