Physics – High Energy Physics – High Energy Physics - Theory
Scientific paper
2011-08-02
Mod. Phys. Lett.B, Volume: 25, Issue: 23(2011) pp. 1867-1888
Physics
High Energy Physics
High Energy Physics - Theory
29 pages. Invited review for Modern Physics Letters B. References and minor comments added
Scientific paper
10.1142/S0217984911027315
This review highlights some of the lessons that the holographic gauge/gravity duality has taught us regarding the behavior of the shear viscosity to entropy density in strongly coupled field theories. The viscosity to entropy ratio has been shown to take on a very simple universal value in all gauge theories with an Einstein gravity dual. Here we describe the origin of this universal ratio, and focus on how it is modified by generic higher derivative corrections corresponding to curvature corrections on the gravity side of the duality. In particular, certain curvature corrections are known to push the viscosity to entropy ratio below its universal value. This disproves a longstanding conjecture that such a universal value represents a strict lower bound for any fluid in nature. We discuss the main developments that have led to insight into the violation of this bound, and consider whether the consistency of the theory is responsible for setting a fundamental lower bound on the viscosity to entropy ratio.
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