Nonequilibrium Temperature for Open Boson and Fermion Systems

Physics – High Energy Physics – High Energy Physics - Phenomenology

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LaTex 11 pages, no figure; qualitative argument is added for the temperature relation of thermal equilibrium at high temperatu

Scientific paper

The effective theory of an open boson or fermion system is studied, which evolves out of equilibrium with time-dependent Hamiltonian $\hat{H}(t)$. A measure of nonequilibrium temperature for the open system evolving from an equilibrium is proposed as the time-averaged energy expectation value $T(t) = T_i(\bar{< \hat{H} (t) >_{\Psi}}/ \bar{< \hat{I} (t) >_{\Psi}})$, where $\hat{I} (t)$, the action operator, satisfies the quantum Liouville-von Neumann equation and determines the true density operator. It recovers the result for the adiabatic (quasi-equilibrium) and nonadiabatic (out of equilibrium) evolution from one static Hamiltonian to another and takes into account the particle production due to the intermediate processes.

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