Probability density of quantum expectation values

Physics – Quantum Physics

Scientific paper

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13 pages, 3 figures, added references

Scientific paper

We consider the quantum expectation value $\mathcal{A}=<\psi|A|\psi>$ of an observable A over the state $|\psi>$. We derive the exact probability distribution of $\mathcal{A}$ seen as a random variable when $|\psi>$ varies over the set of all pure states equipped with the Haar-induced measure. The probability density is obtained with elementary means by computing its characteristic function, both for non-degenerate and degenerate observables. To illustrate our results we compare the exact predictions for few concrete examples with the concentration bounds obtained using Levy's lemma. Finally we comment on the relevance of the central limit theorem.

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