Physics – Quantum Physics
Scientific paper
1997-02-11
Physics
Quantum Physics
26 pages, Latex, a revised version
Scientific paper
Spontaneous symmetry breaking originats in quantum mechanical measurement of the relevant observable defining the physical situation, order parameter is the average of this observable. A modification is made on the random-phase postulate validating the ensemble description. Off-diagonal long-range order, macroscopic wavefunction and interference effects in many-particle systems present when there is a so-called nucleation of quantum state, which is proposed to be the origin of spontaneous gauge symmetry breaking, for which nonconservation of particle number N is not essential. The approach based on nonvanishing expectation of the field operator, $<\hat{\psi}(\vec{r})>$, is only a coherent-state approximation in thermodynamic limit. When $N \to \infty$, this approach is equivalent, but $<\hat{\psi}(\vec{r})>$ is not the macroscopic wavefunction.
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