A new look at Wolf sunspot numbers in the late 1700's

Physics

Scientific paper

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Solar Activity Effects, Solar Cycles, Solar Physics, Sunspots, Twenty-Seven Day Variation, Climatology, Earth Environment, Solar Observatories

Scientific paper

A procedure is described for the derivation of the Wolf sunspot number from the number of sunspot groups, and the approach is used to obtain a 'Group Wolf number'. It is shown that this technique is superior to the classical method of determining the Wolf number, because corrections for differences due to the observers' bias are reduced and self-consistent long-term time series can be developed; the level of solar activity can be calculated with an accuracy of +/- 5 percent. The procedure was used to determine Wolf sunspot numbers for the solar cycles 1, 2, and 3 (1761-1777). It is found that the standard Wolf numbers are nearly homogeneous with sunspot numbers measured from 1875 to 1976, but the peak of solar cycle 2 is too low by 30 percent.

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