Physics
Scientific paper
Apr 1977
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1977icar...30..605k&link_type=abstract
(COSPAR, Meeting, 19th, Philadelphia, Pa., June 8-19, 1976.) Icarus, vol. 30, Apr. 1977, p. 605-625.
Physics
15
Planetary Landing, Spacecraft Design, Venera Satellites, Planetary Environments, Planetary Ionospheres, Space Exploration, Venus Atmosphere, Venus Clouds
Scientific paper
The design, operation, and flights of the Venera 9 and 10 spacecraft are described along with their landings on Venus, their scientific tasks, and the corresponding instrumentation. Principal results of the preliminary data processing are reviewed, particularly in relation to surface photography, surface differences at the two landing sites, petrographic analyses, atmospheric measurements, and ionospheric investigations. Some significant findings are that: (1) the density of Venus at an effective depth of several dozen centimeters below the surface is 2.7 to 2.9 g/cu cm, which is typical of crystalline basaltic rocks; (2) the surface temperature and pressure were 460 C and 90 atm; (3) the local surface wind velocity ranged from 0.4 to 1.3 m/sec; (4) the estimated surface albedo is 0.02 to 0.2; (5) the lower boundary of the main cloud layer was at a height of 49 km in the landing areas; and (6) a multilayer structure exists in the cloud zone.
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