Ultracold gases and multi-Josephson junctions as simulators of out-of-equilibrium phase transformations in superfluids and superconductors

Details Ultracold gases and multi-Josephson junctions as simulators of out-of-equilibrium phase transformations in superfluids and superconductors Ultracold gases and multi-Josephson junctions as simulators of out-of-equilibrium phase transformations in superfluids and superconductors

Oct 2009

adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2009njph...11j3032d&link_type=abstract

New Journal of Physics, Volume 11, Issue 10, pp. 103032 (2009).

Physics

Scientific paper

The experiments on strongly nonequilibrium symmetry-breaking phase transformations in superfluids and superconductors revealed that the topological defects (e.g. vortices) are produced most efficiently in the systems of microscopic size or low dimensionality (D=1), while in the macroscopic two-dimensional (2D) and 3D samples the efficiency of their formation was substantially suppressed (by a few orders of magnitude) as compared to theoretical predictions. A reasonable explanation for this behaviour is based on the specific thermal correlations between the phases of Bose-Einstein condensates formed in the spatial subregions disconnected during the phase transformation. Such correlations were initially revealed in the multi-Josephson-junction loop experiment (Carmi R et al 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 4966) and were confirmed recently by the experiments with ultracold atoms in periodic potentials (Hadzibabic Z et al 2006 Nature 441 1118). We begin our theoretical consideration from a phase transformation in the simplest phiv4-model of the real scalar field and show that, under the presence of the above-mentioned correlations, the final symmetry-broken states are described by the effective Ising model. Its behaviour changes dramatically in passing from finite to infinite size of the system and from the low (D=1) to higher (D>=2) dimensionality, which is in qualitative agreement with the experimental results.

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