Energy Spectra of Shock-Accelerated Solar Energetic Particles

Physics

Scientific paper

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2114 Energetic Particles, Heliospheric (7514), 2139 Interplanetary Shocks, 7513 Coronal Mass Ejections, 7514 Energetic Particles (2114), 7851 Shock Waves

Scientific paper

We review recent studies of the energy spectra in large, gradual solar energetic particle events, in which the primary accelerator is believed to be shocks driven by fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs). By combining measurements from instruments on Wind, ACE, and IMP8, the observed spectra cover all major species (from protons through Fe) and extend over nearly four orders of magnitude in energy. We show how the general characteristics of these spectra conform to theoretical expectations based on shock theory and transport through proton-amplified Alfven waves. We particularly emphasize exponential rollovers or "knees", which provide a kind of remote sensing, through which scattering conditions in the near-shock region can be diagnosed even when the shock is still far from Earth. We also show how these spectral knees (particularly for Fe) can be used to investigate the seed population from which the energetic particles are accelerated.

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