Physics
Scientific paper
Nov 1975
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1975jgr....80.4484e&link_type=abstract
Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 80, Nov. 10, 1975, p. 4484-4496.
Physics
9
Brightness Temperature, Microwave Radiometers, Radiative Transfer, Rayleigh Scattering, Surface Temperature, Thermal Emission, Half Spaces, Homogeneity, Ice Floes, Lunar Albedo, Lunar Soil, Microwave Emission, Remote Sensors, Surface Roughness Effects
Scientific paper
Radiative transfer theory and a Rayleigh scattering models are used to obtain the microwave temperature and its polarization as a function of view angle for emission from a nonuniformly thick layer containing scatterers. The scatter-induced change in brightness temperature is generally negative and may be many tens of degrees. There are situations, however, such as the emission from ice over freshwater, where the scatterers may increase the brightness temperature by as much as 30 deg C. Lunar microwave temperatures may be decreased from a few degrees to more than 50 deg C depending upon wavelength and upon the specific lunar target; the brightness temperature as a function of wavelength of a lava flow may be decreased by near-surface vesicles; snow may appear from a few degrees to more than 60 deg C darker as it ages; and air bubbles in ice over freshwater may increase or decrease the brightness temperature depending upon the thickness of the ice and the size and concentration of the bubbles.
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