The atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter

Details The atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter The atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter

Aug 1980

adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1980conph..21..381m&link_type=abstract

Contemporary Physics, vol. 21, July-Aug. 1980, p. 381-399.

Physics

Atmospheric Circulation, Atmospheric Composition, Jupiter Atmosphere, Space Exploration, Venus Atmosphere, Atmospheric Temperature, Jupiter Red Spot, Space Missions, Venus Clouds, Zonal Flow (Meteorology), Planets, Venus, Jupiter, Atmosphere, Composition, Structure, Dynamics, Observations, Clouds, Formation, Data, Circulation, Wind, Velocity, Temperatures, Photographs, Distribution, Magnitude, Great Red Spot, Comparisons, Lightning, Radiation, Thermodynamics, Meteorology, Gases

Scientific paper

Present knowledge of the composition, structure and dynamics of the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter is reviewed in light of the results of recent space missions. In the case of Venus, Pioneer and Venera probes and ground-based observations are shown to have indicated an atmosphere composed mainly of CO2 with traces of N2, H2O, O2, Ar, Ne and SO2, and clouds consisting of 1-micron radius spherical droplets of sulfuric acid arranged in three cloud layers between 31 and 70 km and an underlying thin haze. The vertical temperature profile of Venus, in which temperature decreases linearly from 760 K at the surface to 350 K at 50 km and more slowly after to become isothermal at 200 K above 80 km., has been reproduced by radiative transfer calculations, and evidence of high-speed circulations and planetary-scale convective and stratospheric circulation has been obtained. Jupiter has been found to consist largely of hydrogen, with some helium, H2O, CH4, NH3 and H2S, clouds composed of ammonia crystals, NH4SH, water and ice. Pioneer and Voyager measurements indicate an effective radiative temperature of 130 K with a temperature minimum of 100 K at the 100 mbar, 160 km level and 150 K at 10 mbar, and clouds arranged in seven or eight distinct bright bands running parallel to the equator and separated by darker belts. The zonal circulation is found to consist of alternating eastward and westward jets, and three white ovals in the southern hemisphere have been observed in addition to the Great Red spot.

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