The microscopic state of the solar wind-links between composition, velocity distributions and waves

Physics

Scientific paper

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Particle Emission, Solar Wind, Interplanetary Magnetic Fields, Magnetohydrodynamic Waves

Scientific paper

An overview is given of the microscopic state of the solar wind with emphasis on recent Ulysses high-latitude observations and previous Helios in-ecliptic observations. Emphasis is placed on the connection of interplanetary kinetic-scale phenomena with their generating microscopic processes in the corona. The fast streams seem to consist of mesoscale pressure-balanced magnetic flux tubes, reminiscent of the supergranular or smaller structures building the open corona, from which copious Alfvén waves emanate. The wind from the magnetically structured and active corona shows considerable abundance and ionization state variations. Some modelling attempts to explain the observed element fractionation are mentioned. The nonthermal particle features, such as proton-ion differential streaming, ion beams, temperature anisotropies, and skewed electron distributions associated with collisionless heat conduction, and the related wave-particle interactions are discussed.

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