Radii, Masses, Densities, and Occurrence for Planets within 0.25 AU

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[5400] Planetary Sciences: Solid Surface Planets

Scientific paper

Planets of near Earth-size are being detected for the first time around other stars by the NASA Kepler Mission and by the 10-meter Keck telescope. We report the observed distribution of planet radii, masses, and orbital distances for short orbital periods less than 50 days around Solar-type (GK) stars. Extensive Doppler and Kepler measurements provide detectability for planets as small as 2.0 Earth radii. We use the measured photometric signal-to-noise ratio for each of the 156,000 target stars in the Kepler survey to determine planet detectability as a function of planet radius and orbital period. We consider Solar-type stars brighter than magnitude 15 that have the highest quality photometry. The resulting occurrence of planets as a function of planet radius increases strongly toward the smallest radii (2 Earth-radii): Small planets of twice Earth-size are 3x more common than Neptune-size planets and 10x more common than Jupiter-size planets. Planets are more commonly found at longer orbital periods ( up to 50 days, 0.25 AU) than close-in. This high occurrence of smaller planets supports core-accretion theory but disagrees with a simple theory of migration in a gaseous disk that predicts a desert at Super-Earth and Neptune sizes for close-in orbits, which is not seen in the data.

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