The production of low-mass stars. IV - Carbon stars

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astrophysics

Scientific paper

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Carbon Stars, Metallicity, Stellar Evolution, Stellar Interiors, Stellar Mass, Nuclear Reactions, Stellar Cores, Stellar Envelopes, Stellar Luminosity, Stellar Winds

Scientific paper

Detailed stellar evolutionary calculations were carried out for a metal-poor case (Z = 0.001) for stars of initial masses 1.0 M_sun;, 1.2 M_sun;, 2.0 M_sun;, and 3.0 M_sun;, and for a metal-rich case (Z = 0.02) for stars of initial masses 1.2 M_sun; and 3.0 M_sun;. Ongoing mass loss via a Reimers-type wind was included. The stars were evolved from the main sequence through all intermediate stages and finally through a number of helium shell flashes (thermal pulses) on the asymptotic giant branch. Classical "third dredge-up" and carbon star production were obtained in two cases, both having metallicity Z = 0.001. A 1.72 M_sun; star (of initial mass 2.0 M_sun;) whose mixing length parameter had been increased to α = 1.5 became a carbon star on its 11th flash, with a core mass of 0.665 M_sun;. A 0.81 M_sun; star (of initial mass 1.2 M_sun;) became a carbon star immediately after its mixing length parameter was increased to α = 3.0, on its sixth flash, with a core mass of 0.566 M_sun;.

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