The stability of sphene; experimental redetermination and geologic implications

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Hydrothermal experiments on the reaction: rutile + calcite + QUARTZ = sphene + CO 2 , suggest equilibrium at: P fluid = 2 kbar , 500 ± 5° C , X CO 2 = 0.5 ± 0.006; P fluid = 3.45 kbar , 535 ± 10° C , X CO 2 = 0.5 ± 0.006; P fluid = 5 kbar , <580° C , X CO 2 = 0.5 ± 0.006; P fluid = 5 kbar , <635° C , X CO 2 = 0.97 ± 0.035. The resultant stability field of sphene is much larger than that suggested by and (1967). Calculation of the reaction in P - T space directly from free energy data indicates a discrepancy in r of about 1.5 kcal/gfw when compared to our experimental data. In addition, P - T extrapolation of the reaction using thermochemical data disagrees with the constraints of the two experimental brackets, indicating possible errors in the entropy of one or more solid phases and/or in CO 2 free energy data. The combination of these experimental results with published data on reactions involving additional minerals allows the recognition of sphene and/or rutile-bearing assemblages which can be used as indicators of P - T - X CO 2 conditions at various grades of metamorphism. In particular, mineral assemblages useful in delimiting P - T - X CO 2 conditions are: muscovite-sphene (H 2 O-rich fluids), diopside-rutile-quartz (high temperatures or a CO 2 -rich fluid at low temperatures), epidote-rutile-quartz (low temperatures, H 2 O-rich conditions), prehnite-rutile (very low temperatures, very H 2 O-rich conditions).

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