Chandra Observations of the "Dark" Moon and Geocoronal Solar-Wind Charge Transfer

Details Chandra Observations of the "Dark" Moon and Geocoronal Solar-Wind Charge Transfer Chandra Observations of the "Dark" Moon and Geocoronal Solar-Wind Charge Transfer

2004-02-11

arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0402247v1

Astrophys.J. 607 (2004) 596-610

Astronomy and Astrophysics

Astrophysics

14 pages, color figures, uses emulateapj style. ApJ in press

Scientific paper

10.1086/383410

We have analyzed data from two sets of calibration observations of the Moon made by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. In addition to obtaining a spectrum of the bright side that shows several distinct fluorescence lines, we also clearly detect time-variable soft X-ray emission, primarily O VII Ka and O VIII Lya, when viewing the optically dark side. The apparent dark-side brightness varied by at least an order of magnitude, up to 2x10^-6 phot/s/arcmin^2/cm^2 between 500 and 900 eV, which is comparable to the typical 3/4-keV-band background emission measured in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey. The spectrum is also very similar to background spectra recorded by Chandra in low or moderate-brightness regions of the sky. Over a decade ago, ROSAT also detected soft X-rays from the dark side of the Moon, which were tentatively ascribed to continuum emission from energetic solar wind electrons impacting the lunar surface. The Chandra observations, however, with their better spectral resolution, combined with contemporaneous measurements of solar-wind parameters, strongly favor charge transfer between highly charged solar-wind ions and neutral hydrogen in the Earth's geocorona as the mechanism for this emission. We present a theoretical model of geocoronal emission and show that predicted spectra and intensities match the Chandra observations very well. We also model the closely related process of heliospheric charge transfer and estimate that the total charge transfer flux observed from Earth amounts to a significant fraction of the soft X-ray background, particularly in the ROSAT 3/4-keV band.

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