Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astrophysics
Scientific paper
2003-11-03
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astrophysics
8 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the proceedings of the XIXth IAP colloquium "Extrasolar Planets: Today and Tomorrow" held in
Scientific paper
We present the results of high resolution SPH simulations of the evolution of gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disks. We report on calculations in which the disk is evolved using a locally isothermal or adiabatic equation of state (with shock heating), and also on new simulations in which cooling and heating by radiation are explicitly modeled. We find that disks with a minimum Toomre parameter $< 1.4$ fragment into several gravitationally bound protoplanets with masses from below to a few Jupiter masses. This is confirmed also in runs where the disk is given a quiet start, growing gradually in mass over several orbital times. A cooling time comparable to the orbital time is needed to achieve fragmentation, for disk masses in the range $0.08-0.1 M_{\odot}$. After about 30 orbital times, merging between the bound condensations always leads to 2-3 protoplanets on quite eccentric orbits.
Mayer Lucio
Quinn Thomas
Stadel Joachim
Wadsley James
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