Observations of Solid Carbon Dioxide in Molecular Clouds with the Infrared Space Observatory

Details Observations of Solid Carbon Dioxide in Molecular Clouds with the Infrared Space Observatory Observations of Solid Carbon Dioxide in Molecular Clouds with the Infrared Space Observatory

Sep 1999

adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1999apj...522..357g&link_type=abstract

The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 522, Issue 1, pp. 357-377.

Astronomy and Astrophysics

Astronomy

175

Ism: Dust, Extinction, Infrared: Ism: Lines And Bands, Ism: Molecules, Stars: Pre-Main-Sequence

Scientific paper

Spectra of interstellar CO_2 ice absorption features at a resolving power of lambda/Deltalambda~1500-2000 are presented for 14 lines of sight. The observations were made with the Short-Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS) of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). Spectral coverage includes the primary stretching mode of CO_2 near 4.27 μm in all sources; the bending mode near 15.2 μm is also detected in 12 of them. The selected sources include massive protostars (Elias 29 [in rho Oph], GL 490, GL 2136, GL 2591, GL 4176, NGC 7538 IRS 1, NGC 7538 IRS 9, S140, W3 IRS 5, and W33 A), sources associated with the Galactic Center (Sgr A^*, GCS 3 I, and GCS 4), and a background star behind a quiescent dark cloud in Taurus (Elias 16); they thus probe a diverse range of environments. Column densities of interstellar CO_2 ice relative to H_2O ice fall in the range 10%-23%: this ratio displays remarkably little variation for such a physically diverse sample. Comparison of the observed profiles with laboratory data for CO_2-bearing ice mixtures indicates that CO_2 generally exists in at least two phases, one polar (H_2O dominant) and one nonpolar (CO_2 dominant). The observed CO_2 profiles may also be reproduced when the nonpolar components are replaced with thermally annealed ices. Formation and evolutionary scenarios for CO_2 and implications for grain mantle chemistry are discussed. Our results support the conclusion that thermal annealing, rather than energetic processing due to UV photons or cosmic rays, dominates the evolution of CO_2-bearing ices.

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