Expected number of multiple QSOs from galaxy and QSO surface density data

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Galactic Clusters, Gravitational Lenses, Quasars, Elliptical Galaxies, Mass Distribution, Space Density

Scientific paper

At present, gravitational lensing is the only explanation for cases where multiple QSOs, within arc seconds of one another, are found to have identical spectra. The fraction of QSOs that is gravitationally lensed is considered. An examination is made of recent data on galaxy counts, QSO counts, and radio and optical multiple QSO image surveys. These data are shown to be inconsistent with the hypothesis that all QSOs are gravitationally lensed. On the assumption that QSOs are at their redshift distance, a straightforward calculation based on seeing data, galaxy counts, and QSO counts gives a surface number density of multiple QSOs that is consistent with that found in existing surveys for multiple QSOs. The calculation indicates that the fraction of multiple QSOs will increase with QSO magnitude and that massive elliptical galaxies and clusters probably dominate as lenses.

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