Exploring the Long-term and Extreme Variability of Stars

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Scientific paper

Stellar variations over decades are poorly explored. With the unique 100 yr coverage of DASCH (Digital Acess to a Sky Century@Harvard), for the first time, we are able to study the variable sky over long timescales in a systematic way. We have discovered exciting new types of long-term variables, which do not match any of the common classes. The most interesting one to date is a peculiar 10-yr nova powered by quasi-steady Hydrogen burning triggered by accretion disk instability. There is no significant mass loss, and it could be a promising channel for Type Ia Supernovae (SNe). It provides new insights into our understanding of SNe Ia progenitors, as well as binary evolution and accretion physics, thus allowing optimization for the use of SNe Ia for cosmology. We have found peculiar long-term K giant variables with 1-2 mag slow variations over decades. Most of them show strong Ca H&K emission, and 5 of them are covered by Kepler and show (in 4 stars) star spots and flaring activities. This suggests that the mysterious long-term variations may be related to strong star spots and magnetic activities which may be a new mechanism for dust formation or ejection. Other discoveries include a 5-yr dust accretion event in KU Cyg and a group of large amplitude Be variables which might be Be X-ray binaries. Using the limited DASCH scanning coverage (thus far) and sample of different classes found, we estimate the likely event rate or populations for each class.

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