Afterglow Physics

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

Scientific paper

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Gamma-Ray Sources (Astronomical), Shock Waves, Interstellar Magnetic Fields, Jets, Gamma-Ray Sources, Gamma-Ray Bursts, Planetary Bow Shocks, Interplanetary Shocks, Magnetic And Electric Fields, Polarization Of Starlight, Jets And Bursts, Galactic Winds And Fountains

Scientific paper

I review the development of the relativistic blast-wave model for GRB afterglows, in which the delayed emission is synchrotron and, possibly, inverse Compton from electrons accelerated by the forward shock that energizes the burst ambient medium or the reverse shock that crosses the incoming ejecta. This model is tested and its features constrained using afterglow observations at radio, optical, X-ray, and GeV photon energies. Modeling of the afterglow broadband emission allows the determination of the outflow's physical parameters, such as collimation and energetics, circum-burst medium density, its radial stratification, and of forward-shock microphysical parameters. The slowly-decaying radio afterglows (weeks after trigger) and the fast-decaying early optical afterglows (up to 1 ks) provide evidence for a temporary contribution from the reverse-shock. The chromatic X-ray light-curve breaks and the afterglows with well-coupled optical and X-ray light-curves and chromatic breaks suggest the existence of an outflow inner to the blast-wave, which bulk-scatters the forward-shock emission and injects energy into it.

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