A semi-empirical model of sunspot umbra

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astrophysics

Scientific paper

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Semiempirical Equations, Solar Atmosphere, Sunspots, Umbras, Atmospheric Models, Chromosphere, Solar Observatories, Solar Radiation

Scientific paper

Based on data obtained with the Kitt Peak Observatory Solar Tower, a semiempirical model of sunspot umbra was constructed. Non-LTE calculation was used. The main features are: (1) the temperature structure of the corona and the transition region is similar to the VAL3C quiet sun model; (2) the chromosphere structure is characterized by a temperature plateau; the temperature in the upper layers is higher than those of the quiet sun and the penumbra; (3) the minimum temperature is 3130 K, about 300 K less than that of the penumbra model; and (4) the temperature structure of the photosphere is similar to those in previous models, while the microturbulent velocity is somewhat less. It is found that there is no radiative balance in the whole atmosphere. The net radiative loss rate has a maximum in the middle chromosphere, and it is negative in the temperature minimum region.

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