Other
Scientific paper
Jul 2010
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2010phdt.......149c&link_type=abstract
Thesis (PhD). University of Wisconsin, July 2010, 225 pages
Other
Massive Star Formation, Young Stellar Objects, Extended Green Objects, Interferometry, Glimpse, Outflows
Scientific paper
A promising new diagnostic for identifying actively accreting massive young stellar objects (MYSOs) has emerged from large-scale Spitzer Space Telescope surveys of the Galactic plane: extended emission in the IRAC 4.5 micron band, believed to trace shocked molecular gas in active protostellar outflows. I present the GLIMPSE I catalog of extended 4.5 micron sources (called EGOs, Extended Green Objects, for the common coding of the [4.5] band as green in 3-color composite IRAC images) and the evidence that EGOs, as a population, are massive YSOs. I also present the results of high-resolution EVLA surveys of 20 EGOs in the 6.7 GHz Class II and 44 GHz Class I methanol maser transitions, which respectively trace high-mass protostars and molecular outflows, and a JCMT survey in the molecular outflow tracers HCO+ and SiO. High detection rates of all outflow tracers and the spatial distribution of the masers with respect to the midinfrared emission provide convincing evidence that the surveyed EGOs are much-sought MYSOs which are actively accreting and driving outflows. I complement the survey results with detailed case studies of two EGOs using SMA and CARMA data. The high-resolution mm observations reveal bipolar molecular outflows coincident with the 4.5 micron lobes in both sources. A single dominant outflow is identified in each of the studied EGOs, with tentative evidence for multiple flows in one source (G11.92-0.61). Strong SiO(2-1) emission is also detected, confirming that the extended 4.5 micron emission traces recently shocked gas in active outflows. The outflow driving sources are compact mm continuum cores that exhibit hot-core spectral line emission, and are associated with 6.7 GHz methanol masers. The mm data also reveal considerable chemical and evolutionary diversity even within a small EGO subsample. The EGO G11.92-0.61 is associated with at least three compact cores, and is forming a protocluster of intermediate to high-mass stars. Other than the outflow driving source, these cores are nearly or e ntirely devoid of line emission. The EGO G19.01-0.03 is embedded in a substantial extended envelope and exhibits weaker hot core line emission than G11.92-0.61, suggesting that G19.01-0.03 is at a younger evolutionary state.
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