Planetary nebulae with massive nuclei. I - Time-dependent photoionization models

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astrophysics

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Photoionization, Planetary Nebulae, Stellar Evolution, Stellar Models, H Beta Line, Radiative Recombination, Stellar Luminosity, Stellar Mass, Time Dependence

Scientific paper

Time-dependent photoionization models of a planetary nebula with a 1.2 solar mass nucleus are presented. When the central star is luminous, the nebula is quickly ionized by an intense flux of ionizing photons. Exhaustion of nuclear fuel causes the central star's luminosity to drop, with the reduced flux of ionizing radiation still maintaining ionization in the nebula's innermost layers. The outer regions recombine and cool off in a recombination epoch much longer than the photoionization epoch. Time-dependent effects observable during the recombination epoch include a double-shell structure in the nebula consisting of an inner, bright, high-excitation ring surrounded by a faint, extended, low-excitation halo. Total fluxes of emission lines, especially of lower excitation, are enhanced above their equilibrium values. The effective temperature derived from forbidden N II lines is appreciably lower than that from forbidden O III lines.

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