Low cost heavy lift launch vehicle for lunar exploration based on the Energia launcher

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

Scientific paper

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Heavy Lift Launch Vehicles, Liquid Hydrogen, Lunar Exploration, Space Transportation System, Life Cycle Costs, Low Cost

Scientific paper

Different mission strategies for large-scale lunar explorations using a low-cost heavy-lift launch vehicle based on the Energia launcher are examined. Using a parametrical cost model developed at the Berlin University of Technology, total life costs were determined for landing on the moon a cargo of 15 tons for $25,000/kg, showing it to be about half the cost of a comparable Saturn V/Apollo mission. It is noted that this opportunity for international cooperation is limited: the two complete Energia launchers which are presently stored will have to be launched within the next 3 to 5 years.

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