Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy
Scientific paper
Jul 2004
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2004arep...48..534t&link_type=abstract
Astronomy Reports, vol. 48, Issue 7, p.534-549
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astronomy
Scientific paper
We analyze models for quasi-stationary, ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) with luminosities 1038 1040 erg/s exceeding the Eddington limit for a ˜1.4M &sun; neutron star. With the exception of relatively rare stationary ULXs that are associated with supernova remnants or background quasars, most ULXs are close binary systems containing a massive stellar black hole (BH) that accretes matter donated by a stellar companion. To explain the observed luminosities of ˜1040 erg/s, the mass of the BH must be ˜40M &sun; if the accreted matter is helium and ˜60M &sun; if the accreted matter has the solar chemical composition. We consider donors in the form of main-sequence stars, red giants, red supergiants, degenerate helium dwarfs, heavy disks that are the remnants of disrupted degenerate dwarfs, helium nondegenerate stars, and Wolf-Rayet stars. The most common ULXs in galaxies with active star formation are BHs with Roche-lobe-filling main-sequence companions with masses ˜7M &sun; or close Wolf-Rayet companions, which support the required mass-exchange rate via their strong stellar winds. The most probable candidate ULXs in old galaxies are BHs surrounded by massive disks and close binaries containing a BH and degenerate helium-dwarf, red-giant, or red-supergiant donor.
Fedorova Alexandra V.
Tutukov Aleksandr V.
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