Observations of the eleven-year cosmic-ray modulation cycle

Computer Science

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Cosmic Rays, Galactic Radiation, Interplanetary Magnetic Fields, Long Term Effects, Solar Cycles, Diurnal Variations, Electron Energy, Energy Spectra, Kinetic Energy, Modulation, Positrons, Power Spectra, Solar Activity Effects

Scientific paper

Observation of the 11-year solar modulation of galactic-cosmic-ray intensity is reviewed, emphasizing the need for a complete determination of the diffusion tensor. The interplanetary medium and fluctuations of the interplanetary magnetic field are described, and the derivation of the cosmic-ray modulation equations is summarized. Cosmic-ray electron, positron, proton, and alpha-particle spectra are analyzed along with the steady-state spectra of cosmic-ray nitrogen, oxygen, and neon. The information content of cosmic-ray spectra is evaluated, density gradients and intensity anisotropies are examined, and the diurnal cosmic-ray variation is investigated. Details of the modulation cycle are discussed primarily on the basis of long-term neutron-monitor observations, giving particular attention to hysteresis effects in the modulation. Finally, evidence is presented which may relate the 11-year modulation cycle to changes in the interplanetary medium and solar activity.

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