Other
Scientific paper
Feb 1994
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1994apj...422..751e&link_type=abstract
Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 422, no. 2, p. 751-764
Other
9
Astronomical Models, Maser Pumping, Masers, Mathematical Models, Radiation Distribution, Radiative Transfer, Beams (Radiation), Coherent Electromagnetic Radiation, Doppler Effect, Microwave Frequencies, Star Formation, Water Masers
Scientific paper
In the standard theory of three-dimensional astronomical masers, the radiation field is described as if the source were comprised of a collection of linear masers. To leading order, the standard theory is shown to provide the correct description of three-dimensional masers and its results remain intact, but only within a frequency core whose half-width is chisDelta nuD, where Delta nuD is the Doppler width and chis is a dimensionless parameter. For any given geometry, chis is approximately 1 thetasat, where thetasat is the beaming angle of a maser with that geometry that has just saturated. For typical pumping schemes, chis is approximately 2 in spherical masers, approximately 2.5-3 in disk masers, and approximately 3-5 in cylindrical masers. For frequencies outside this core region, maser operation corresponds to a mode that will be called suppressed, and the standard theory breaks down. In this frequency domain, interaction with core rays that are slightly slanted to the direction of propagation suppresses photon production. In contrast with the core region, in the suppressed regime the rate of maser photon generation never reaches the maximum allowed by the pump processes; this regime effectively corresponds to a maser whose inherent strength is weaker than that of a linear maser whose properties are otherwise identical. Observed maser radiation is effectively confined to the core region since frequencies in a suppressed domain are practically unobservable. In essence, chis provides an effective cutoff, defining a width at zero intensity that depends on the geometry but is unaffected by growth at line center. In practice, suppression affects only extreme maser outbursts. Their profiles change in such a way that when fitted with a Gaussian, the linewidth decreases when the line center intensity increases, even for masers that are saturated at the line core -- in marked contrast with the predictions of standard analysis of maser linewidths.
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