Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy
Scientific paper
Jul 1995
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1995apj...447..482h&link_type=abstract
Astrophysical Journal v.447, p.482
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astronomy
4
Cosmology: Theory, Gravitation, Relativity
Scientific paper
The purpose of this paper is to establish a consistent timescale for all regions of an Einstein-Strauss swiss cheese universe, for all epochs. For spherically symmetric masses, M1, M2, ..., Mn, embedded in a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe of arbitrary Riemann curvature constant, k, mutually consistent clock rates are obtained only if the Schwarzchild regimes in the vacuoles surrounding the respective masses are nonstatic This contrasts to Schwarzschild regimes that are asymptotically flat at infinity which, by Birkhoff's theorem, are always static. For a concentric, nested configuration of spherical mass distributions, self-consistent timescales are determined by conditions at each spherical shell's outer surface. The expansion of the universe determines a change in clock rates near mass distributions. In the early universe, clocks in the immediate vicinity of a compact mass concentration would have appeared to run more rapidly than at current epochs. Observations that could test for this are described. The effect, however, rapidly diminishes with cosmic expansion, so that cumulative age differences, over long periods, are negligible.
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