The Rise of Active Region Flux Tubes in the Turbulent Solar Convective Envelope

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Scientific paper

We use a thin flux tube model in a rotating spherical shell of turbulent convective flows to study how active region scale flux tubes rise buoyantly from the bottom of the convection zone to near the solar surface. We investigate toroidal flux tubes at the base of the convection zone with field strengths ranging from 15 kG to 100 kG at initial latitudes ranging from 1 to 40 degrees. We find that the dynamic evolution of the flux tube changes from convection dominated to magnetic buoyancy dominated as the initial field strength increases from 15 kG to 100 kG. At 100 kG, the development of rising loops are mainly controlled by the growth of the magnetic buoyancy instability. Mean properties of the emerging loops are in agreement with previous thin flux tube models in the absence of convection. At a low field strength of 15 kG, the development of the rising loops are largely controlled by convective flows, and the properties of the emerging loops are significantly changed compared to previous results in the absence of convection. With convection, the rise times are drastically reduced (from years to months), and the loops are able to emerge at low latitudes. However the tilt angles of these emerging loops show large scatters and are not consistent with Joy's law of active region tilts. In order for the mean tilts of emerging loops to be consistent with Joy's Law, the initial field strength at the base of the convection zone needs to be greater than or equal to 40 kG. We also examine other asymmetries that develop between the leading and following sides of the emerging loops. Including all results, we find that field strengths of 40 - 50 kG produce emerging loops that best match the observed properties of solar active regions.

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