The Propagation Characteristics and Instability Properties of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Waves in the io Plasma Torus.

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We explore the propagation characteristics and instability properties of low frequency electromagnetic waves in the Io plasma torus using a wave ray tracing technique HOTRAY. We evaluate the convective growth of ion cyclotron waves for each propagating frequency band below the gyrofrequency of protons (f_{H+}) in the entire Io torus. We build up an analytical diffusive equilibrium density model (under some reasonable assumptions) which extrapolates the equatorial plasma conditions based on the in situ Voyager data analysis to high latitude regions along the field lines. This 2-D (in a meridian plane) analytical density model for Io plasma torus can be very useful for other computer simulation studies of the Io torus. The method to obtain this approximate analytical solution can be generalized to other multiple species plasma, e.g., the diffusive equilibrium distribution of ions in planetary ionosphere. A survey of wave excitation and propagation throughout the torus is presented and the sensitivities of the waves to the plasma parameters have been tested. The spatial regions for wave growth or damping are shown in a meridian plane for 6 <= L <= 10. The multispecies plasma in the torus limits L-mode wave propagation to several district bands in frequency. The top band waves with frequencies f_{O ^{+2}}

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