The Mars Climate Sounder Investigation: An overview of scientific contributions and current efforts

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The Mars Climate Sounder instrument (MCS) on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft has obtained simultaneous vertical profiles of temperature, dust, and water ice opacity in the Mars atmosphere since September 2006 (Ls 110 of Mars year 28). MCS resolves atmospheric structures to altitudes of ~80 km with resolution of ~5 km. The unprecedented coverage of the middle atmosphere (40-80 km) has yielded new insights into the nature and variability of the fundamental Mars atmospheric circulation [1] and the diurnal tide [2]. The MCS global record of temperature versus pressure extends the period of nearly continuous observations of the Mars atmosphere (begun by MGS-TES) to nearly 6 Mars years. The availability of simultaneous retrievals of temperature and dust and water ice opacity has greatly improved our scientific understanding of the distribution of aerosols with altitude in the Mars atmosphere during different seasons [3, 4]. A relationship linking diurnal cycles of water ice cloud formation with tidally-driven diurnal temperature changes has come into sharp focus with the aid of the MCS data. MCS data has also led to the recognition of previously unknown features in the vertical distribution of dust throughout the Mars year [3]. MCS has recently begun an observational program that alternates conventional in-track scanning at 3 pm and 3 am local time with side-looking scans that provide atmospheric profiles of temperature, pressure, and aerosol opacity for a range of local times. The additional scans allow much improved temporal coverage for resolving coherent structures within the temperature and opacity fields.

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