Mathematics – Logic
Scientific paper
Sep 1975
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1975sciam.233...82s&link_type=abstract
Scientific American, vol. 233, Sept. 1975, p. 82-90.
Mathematics
Logic
Biological Evolution, Earth Planetary Structure, Planetary Evolution, Earth Core, Earth Surface, Petrology, Satellite-Borne Photography
Scientific paper
The physical evolution of the earth is discussed. Two alternate theories on the origin of the earth are considered: (1) gradual condensation and accretion of the solid planet out of small particles from the primitive nebular disk and (2) gradual condensation of the solar nebula with crystallization of the heavy elements occurring while the lighter ones were still gaseous. Differentiation into the core, mantle, and crust is described together with the inception of volcanic activity and mountain building, changes in atmospheric composition, condensation of the oceans, and erosion processes. The earth's later evolution is reviewed on the basis of the geological record, and the theory of plate tectonics is briefly summarized. The origins and evolution of terrestrial life are discussed in detail. Full consideration is given to polar wandering, glaciation, and continental drift.
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