Nonlinear Sciences – Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems
Scientific paper
2009-02-26
Nonlinear Sciences
Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems
34 pages, 7 figures
Scientific paper
The isomonodromic tau function defined by Jimbo-Miwa-Ueno vanishes on the Malgrange's divisor of generalized monodromy data for which a vector bundle is nontrivial, or, which is the same, a certain Riemann-Hilbert problem has no solution. In their original work, Jimbo, Miwa, Ueno did not derive the dependence on the (generalized) monodromy data (i.e. monodromy representation and Stokes' parameters). We fill the gap by providing a (simpler and more general) description in which all the parameters of the problem (monodromy-changing and monodromy-preserving) are dealt with at the same level. We thus provide variational formulae for the isomonodromic tau function with respect to the (generalized) monodromy data. The construction applies more generally: given any (sufficiently well-behaved) family of Riemann-Hilbert problems (RHP) where the jump matrices depend arbitrarily on deformation parameters, we can construct a one-form Omega (not necessarily closed) on the deformation space (Malgrange's differential), defined off Malgrange's divisor. We then introduce the notion of discrete Schlesinger transformation: it means that we allow the solution of the RHP to have poles (or zeros) at prescribed point(s). Even if Omega is not closed, its difference evaluated along the original solution and the transformed one, is shown to be the logarithmic differential (on the deformation space) of a function. As a function of the position of the points of the Schlesinger transformation, yields a natural generalization of Sato formula for the Baker-Akhiezer vector even in the absence of a tau function, and it realizes the solution of the RHP as such BA vector. Some exemples (Painleve' II and finite Toplitz/Hankel determinants) are provided.
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