Suppressing Supermassive Black Hole Growth in Cosmological N-body Simulations

Mathematics – Logic

Scientific paper

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Scientific paper

A supermassive black hole grows from a seed black hole within a dark matter halo through repeated black hole mergers and gas accretion. Idealized treatments of this process have assumed that every dark matter halo contains a seed black hole, that the merger proceeds rapidly and efficiently, and that the merged black hole remains fixed to the center of the dark matter halo -- this results in large black hole merger rates. However, the supermassive black hole merger rate may be substantially reduced by inefficiencies in seed formation, as well as by dynamical interactions that may slow the assembly of a growing black hole. We use high resolution cosmological N-body simulations to focus on three of the most important mechanisms that suppress supermassive black hole growth: the efficiency of seed black hole formation; gravitational recoil as the result of the black hole merger; and the efficiency of forming black hole binaries through dynamical friction. We show that low efficiency in producing seed black holes decreases merger rates overall at all redshifts. Dynamical friction prevents black holes from sinking into gravitational potentials of host galaxies and this effect is strongest at low redshifts. Gravitational recoil as the result of black hole mergers depopulates centers of galaxies from black holes mostly at high redshifts where low mass ratio binaries in low gravitational potentials dominate the merger rate. These three effects combined cause a substantial drop in black hole merger rates, changing the previous predictions for gravitational wave radiation from SMBH/IMBH mergers which are the prime sources for LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna).

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