Mathematics
Scientific paper
May 2006
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2006phdt.........3g&link_type=abstract
PhD Thesis, Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the University of Heidelberg, Germany. XIV+134 pp
Mathematics
1
Protoplanets, Planetesimals, N-Body Simulations
Scientific paper
This work presents novel simulations of the formation of planets, with a focus on the formation of protoplanets out of planetesimals. The evolution of the system at this stage is driven by encounters as well as direct collisions, and requires a careful modelling of the evolution of the velocity dispersion and the size distribution over the whole size range. To serve this purpose, a new hybrid code called NBODY6DISC has been developed to cover the full size range from kilometre-sized planetesimals to protoplanets. It combines the advantages of a pure N-body approach for the integration of the larger bodies with an additional statistical model to cover the smaller planetesimals. This new code is applied to the formation of protoplanets. The simulations show no termination of the protoplanetary accretion due to gap formation, since the distribution of the planetesimals is only subjected to small fluctuation. Moreover, these features are weakly correlated with the positions of the protoplanets. The exploration of different impact strengths indicates that fragmentation mainly controls the overall mass loss, which is less pronounced during the early runaway growth. It is shown that fragmentation in combination with the effective removal of collisional fragments by gas drag sets an universal upper limit of the protoplanetary mass as a function of the distance to the host star.
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