Mathematics
Scientific paper
Feb 1977
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1977phrvd..15..957b&link_type=abstract
Physical Review D - Particles and Fields, 3rd Series, vol. 15, Feb. 15, 1977, p. 957-964. Research supported by the Fundacao de
Mathematics
1
Astronomical Models, Charge Distribution, Cosmology, Electromagnetic Fields, Potential Theory, Singularity (Mathematics), Field Theory (Physics), Gravitational Collapse, Kinetic Energy, Metric Space, Potential Energy, Relativity, Theoretical Physics, Universe
Scientific paper
Some possible means by which the singularity of the standard Friedmann models, that is, the reduction of the radius of the universe to zero, can be avoided so that the universe does not collapse, are explored. It is first argued that electromagnetic effects can not prevent collapse to a point, because the electromagnetic energy density is positive, whereas what is needed is a negative (attractive) energy density or pressure. It is speculated that such an attraction may be found in the hitherto unknown forces binding the electron. For large enough densities of the universe, the potential could reach out beyond the electron and effect an attraction between particles. By treating the screening parameter as a universal constant and making the potential attractive, it is found that the energy density associated with this potential is negative and proportional to the sixth power of the temperature, which for large enough temperature can overcome the term in the fourth power of temperature associated with kinetic and radiant energies, and thereby cause the universe to turn around at some small enough radius.
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