Solar magnetic connections in gradual solar energetic particle events

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Scientific paper

Gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) events are assumed to be produced in coronal and interplanetary shocks driven by fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Most of these SEP-associated fast CMEs are large in angular extent and intersect the ecliptic plane. In some cases, however, their angular extents lie completely outside the ecliptic plane. If we assume that the associated coronal shocks share the CME angular extents, the magnetic field lines connecting the Earth with the solar source surface (positioned at 2.5 Rs from Sun center) are confined to the ecliptic plane, and SEPs undergo no cross-field diffusion, then such SEP events should not be observed. One explanation for these observed SEP events is that the solar coronal connection of the field lines at Earth does not lie in the ecliptic plane in the solar coronal regions where shock acceleration takes place, which is thought to occur between ~2-10 Rs. To test this idea, the interplanetary magnetic field must be traced from Earth back to these coronal regions. A simple way to do this is to use the potential source surface and Schatten current sheet models in combination along with the assumption of constant solar wind flow speed along magnetic field lines. This approach allows interplanetary field lines to be traced from 1 AU back to coronal regions and therefore determine whether high latitudinal connections can explain the SEPs from high-latitude CMEs. We select Wind EPACT SEP events and associated narrow or high-latitude Lasco CMEs to test for high-latitude connections using the magnetic field model.

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