Solar Flare Neutron Measurements for the Upcoming and Following Solar Maxima

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

Scientific paper

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Scientific paper

Because of the instrument selection process on the NASA mission Solar Probe Plus and the ESA mission Solar Orbiter, the opportunity for detecting and measuring neutrons in the inner heliosphere may regrettably be lost for the next solar cycle and perhaps longer. We must turn our attention to and focus on what can be accomplished from platforms at 1 AU. Measurements in the inner heliosphere would have constituted a unique window into the energetic ion problem in flares and the quiescent Sun. Ideally, such measurements would have been coupled with gamma and neutron measurements conducted at 1 AU. However, absent the inner heliosphere data, the solar flare neutron intensity at 1 AU still offers important information about solar flare ion acceleration, complementing that obtained from gamma-ray measurements. We review here opportunities and possibilities for neutron measurements at 1 AU. These include neutron-decay measurements with interplanetary particle detectors, direct neutron measurements on balloon platforms, low-Earth orbit platforms and ground based instruments. We further indicate how such measurements, in the past, and on future missions increase our sensitivity to flare phenomena and refine spectral and time-dependent results obtained with spectroscopic gamma measurements.

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