Mathematics – Classical Analysis and ODEs
Scientific paper
2011-11-28
Mathematics
Classical Analysis and ODEs
15 pages, argument modified to give order of growth estimate in Theorem 4, Theorems 2 and 3 added
Scientific paper
We define a necessary and sufficient condition on a polynomial h\in \Z[x] to guarantee that every set of natural numbers of positive upper density and every set of primes of positive relative upper density contains a nonzero difference of the form h(p) for some prime p. Moreover, we establish a quantitative estimate on the size of the largest subset of ${1,2,...,N}$ which lacks the desired arithmetic structure, showing that if deg(h)=k, then the density of such a set is at most a constant times (\log N)^{-c} for any c<1/(2k-2). We also discuss how an improved version of this result for k=2 and a relative version in the primes can be obtained with some additional known methods.
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