Proton re-evaluated

Statistics – Applications

Scientific paper

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Multistage Rocket Vehicles, Proton Satellites, U.S.S.R. Space Program, Booster Rocket Engines, Launch Vehicles, Lunar Probes, Space Commercialization

Scientific paper

The three versions of the Proton booster used to date are presented and connections are made between the Proton and the U.S.S.R.'s lunar program. The question as to whether or not the proton could be manrated is addressed. The original version of the Proton, known as the SL-9 vehicle, consists of the first stage cluster of six engines with a 13-ton second stage. The second version was the SL-12 and the third version was the SL-13. The SL-13 consists of the SL-9 with a new 5.6-ton third stage added. The SL-12, introduced before the SL-13, uses the basic three stages of the SL-13 with a fourth escape stage added. The use of the SL-12 vehicle in two major series of applications satellites put in earth orbit is described. It is noted that if the loss of the Challenger Orbiter results in a major shift in Shuttle payload philosophy, the Proton and other expendable boosters will be called upon to fill the gaps.

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