Proton and Ion Populations in Flares as Measured in gamma Rays and Neutrons

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astrophysics

Scientific paper

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Astronomical Observations, Flares, Particle Acceleration, Composition, Corona, Spectroscopy And Spectrophotometry

Scientific paper

Protons and Ions are accelerated in flares. Some of them can escape and be detected as so-called impulsive SEPs, but most of our knowledge of these particles comes from the secondary neutral radiation they emit when they interact in the low corona or photosphere. The γ-ray and neutron emissions sample different parts of these populations, both in energy and composition. We review the wide variety of population behavior and nature that is revealed via the neutral emissions. These include rapid acceleration, prolonged high-energy acceleration, a sometimes rapidly evolving spectrum, transport effects, the relationship with electrons and unusual compositions. We review highlights of missions including SMM, CGRO and RHESSI and ground based measurements. We also look ahead to future measurements of γ rays and neutrons on Solar Orbiter and Solar Sentinels and what may be discovered.

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