Precise measurement of time

Statistics – Applications

Scientific paper

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Clocks, Precision, Time Measurement, Atomic Clocks, Periodic Variations, Quantum Theory, Quartz Crystals, Relativistic Effects

Scientific paper

Although quartz clocks achieve remarkable stability, the greatest accuracy, reproducibility, and stability have been achieved by atomic clocks, whose measured periodic motion arises from the magnetic interaction of the heavy nucleus of the atom with its light electrons. For such purposes as radio astronomy, the best existing clocks are atomic hydrogen masers, which were invented in 1960; their unprecedentedly high stability derives from a combination of desirable features, such as the removal of the first-order Doppler shift. Attention is given to future improvements in atomic time-keeping, as well as to the importance of time in relativity theory, Coordinated Universal Time's use in date chronology, and the range of scientific applications for extremely precise time-measurements.

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