Planetary nebulae - Some problems raised by these gaseous halos and their core

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

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Astronomical Photometry, Planetary Nebulae, Binary Stars, Interstellar Extinction, Optical Thickness, Radial Velocity, Stellar Evolution, Stellar Luminosity, Variable Stars

Scientific paper

Planetary nebulae are introduced and the problems of determining their distances and ascertaining the binary or single natures of their cores are considered. Planetary nebulae are presented as a late stage in stellar evolution, forming upon the explosive ejection of the outer layers of a variable star. Methods for overcoming diffuculties in the determination of planetary nebula distances, attributed to the variable luminosities of the objects during most of their life span, based on the differential rotation of the galaxy and interstellar reddening are discussed as means of complementing previous distance determinations which were based on the constant luminosity of optically thick early planetary nebulae and the constant mass of optically thin late stages. Interpretations of periodic variations of the radial velocity of the cores of planetary nebulae as due to the presence of a binary star, or the rapid expansion and contraction of a single star are discussed.

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