Orbits for space astronomical observatories

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

Scientific paper

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Astronomical Observatories, Earth Orbits, Eccentric Orbits, Elliptical Orbits, Geosynchronous Orbits, Launch Windows, Apogees, Lagrangian Equilibrium Points, Sky Surveys (Astronomy)

Scientific paper

The main types of earth orbit suitable for performing astronomical observations on an orbiting spacecraft are discussed and compared in terms of coverage of the celestial sphere, ground station coverage of the satellite during scientific observation, eclipse and radiation belt crossing profile during the mission, launch feasibility and cost. The use of elliptic synchronous orbits (12-, 24-, 48-, and 72-h) is stressed and their advantages in terms of ground coverage and launch cost are highlighted. The discussion is illustrated by examples taken from past, current and planned ESA space observatory projects.

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