Optimal Quantum Estimation for Gravitation

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astrophysics – General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Scientific paper

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Scientific paper

Here we describe the quantum limit to estimation of the spacetime metric, or equivalently the quantum limit to measuring the classical gravitational field. Specifically, we write down the optimal quantum Cramer-Rao lower bound, for any single parameter describing a metric for spacetime. Four key examples are demonstrated covering a broad range of relativistic phenomena. We describe quantum limited estimation of the mass of a black-hole, the acceleration of a uniformly accelerating observer, the amplitude of a gravitational wave and the expansion parameter in a cosmological model. The standard time-energy uncertainty relation and the Heisenberg uncertainty relation are special cases of the uncertainty relation for the spacetime metric. The uncertainty relation takes a particularly simple and revealing form when the measurement region is made sufficiently small. We use the locally covariant formulation of quantum field theory in curved spacetime, which allows for a manifestly spacetime independent derivation. The result is an uncertainty relation applicable to all causal spacetime manifolds.

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