Mathematics – Logic
Scientific paper
Aug 2007
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2007jena.confe.113b&link_type=abstract
"JENAM-2007, "Our non-stable Universe", held 20-25 August 2007 in Yerevan, Armenia. Abstract book, p. 113-113"
Mathematics
Logic
Scientific paper
Among the Newtonian manuscripts, owned by the Jewish National and University Library at Jerusalem and known as MS Yahuda 24, there is a proposal for the reform of the Julian and Ecclesiastical calendars, written in three drafts in early 1700. This was Newton's response to the challenge suggested by Continental mathematicians and astronomers, G.W. Leibniz in particular. This calendar, if implemented in England, would have become a formidable rival to the Gregorian calendar. Despite having a different algorithm, its solar part agrees with the latter until 2400 AD and is more precise in the long run, within a period of 5,000 years. Its lunar algorithm is simpler than the Gregorian, but remained incomplete. Though the calendar was buried under a pile of theological papers, were it now to be implemented it would have a glorious future, since it includes the most characteristic features of the Christian, Jewish, and Muslim calendars and can aspire to become the universal calendar. Looking for the best astronomical parameters Newton attempted to compute the length of the tropical year using the ancient equinox observations reported by Hipparchus of Rhodes. Though Newton had a very thin sample of data, he obtained a tropical year only a few seconds longer than the correct length. We show that the reason lies in Newton's application of a technique similar (though not identical) to the modern ordinary least squares method. Newton also had a clear understanding of qualitative variables. Open historic-astronomical problems related to inclination of the Earth's axis of rotation are discussed. In particular, ignorance about the long-range variation in inclination and nutation is likely responsible for the wide variety in the lengths of the tropical year assigned by different 17th century astronomers - the problem that led Newton to Hipparchus.
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