Measurements of thermal structure and thermal contrasts in the atmosphere of Venus and related dynamical observations - Results from the four Pioneer Venus probes

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Venus, Thermal Properties, Atmosphere, Dynamics, Structure, Latitude, Altitude, Pvm Mission, Spacecraft Observations, Temperature, Pressure, Diurnal Variations, Layers, Stratosphere, Winds, Probes, Equipment, Data, Convection, Stability, Comparisons

Scientific paper

The thermal structure of the Venus atmosphere and differences in structure with latitude (up to 60 deg) and clock hour (from midnight to 8 AM) have been measured in situ from a height of 126 km to the surface by instruments on the four Pioneer Venus entry probes. It is found that thermal contrasts below 45 km are a few K, with the midlatitudes warmer than both equatorial and high latitudes. Considerable temperature and pressure differences with latitude develop in the clouds (25 K and 20 mbar level). In addition, upward of 110 km, there is evidence of large-amplitude temperature oscillations with altitude, believed to signify the presence of large-amplitude waves, perhaps thermal tides. Agreement of structure data from other Pioneer Venus experiments is generally excellent.

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