Mathematics
Scientific paper
Nov 1976
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1976ssrv...19..411h&link_type=abstract
Space Science Reviews, vol. 19, Oct.-Nov. 1976, p. 411-457.
Mathematics
3
Solar Activity Effects, Solar Flares, Forbush Decreases, Geomagnetism, Magnetic Storms, Pioneer Space Probes, Shock Wave Propagation, Solar Cosmic Rays, Solar Cycles, Solar Protons, Solar Radio Emission, Solar X-Rays, Sunspots
Scientific paper
Observations of solar activity and the ensuing interplanetary disturbances in August 1972 are summarized, and a general picture of this complex series of disturbances is given. It is shown that the August events occurred in the second phase of energetic-particle emission from the sun during solar cycle 20. Examination of the evolution and flare activity of McMath region No. 11976 indicates that the four major flares on August 2, 4, and 7 were the largest among the 67 flares observed in this region during its passage across the solar disk from July 29 to August 11 and were the very flares responsible for the August events. These four flares are described in detail using ground-based and satellite optical, radio, X-ray, and energetic-particle data. Interplanetary shock waves detected on earth and in space after the flares are investigated, concentrating on the shock that hit earth at 2054 UT on August 4 and which caused the most intense upper-atmospheric disturbance ever recorded. Variations of solar and galactic cosmic rays in the course of the interplanetary disturbances are reviewed, giving special attention to the violent oscillation of cosmic-ray intensity that occurred in association with the dramatic magnetic-storm onset at 2054 UT on August 4.
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